Apache Kafka - Distributed Event Streaming
Apache Kafka is an open-source distributed event streaming platform capable of handling trillions of events per day with high throughput, low latency, fault tolerance, and horizontal scalability for real-time data pipelines, stream processing, and event-driven architectures.
1M+
Messages/Second per Broker
200+
Pre-built Connectors
80%
Fortune 100 Adoption
<1ms
Message Latency
Core Kafka Architecture
- Topics - logical channels for organizing messages
- Partitions - parallel data distribution and ordering within topics
- Brokers - Kafka server nodes forming the cluster
- Producers - applications writing messages to topics
- Consumers - applications reading messages from topics
- Consumer Groups - coordinated consumption with load balancing
- ZooKeeper - cluster coordination (being replaced by KRaft)
- Replication - fault tolerance with configurable replication factor
Kafka Performance & Scalability
- High throughput - millions of messages per second per broker
- Low latency - sub-millisecond message delivery
- Horizontal scaling - adding brokers to increase capacity
- Partition parallelism - concurrent processing across partitions
- Zero-copy optimization - efficient data transfer without CPU overhead
- Compression - Snappy, LZ4, GZIP, Zstandard algorithms
- Batching - message batching for throughput optimization
- Sequential disk I/O - leveraging disk sequential writes
Kafka Connect - Data Integration
- Source connectors - ingesting from databases, files, cloud services
- Sink connectors - writing to data warehouses, S3, HDFS, Elasticsearch
- JDBC connector - bi-directional database integration with CDC
- Debezium CDC - Change Data Capture from MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle
- S3 connector - writing to AWS S3 data lakes
- Elasticsearch connector - real-time search indexing
- Confluent Hub - 200+ pre-built connectors
- Custom connectors - building with Kafka Connect API
Stream Processing - Kafka Streams & ksqlDB
- Kafka Streams - Java/Scala library for stream processing
- ksqlDB - SQL-based stream processing with CREATE STREAM/TABLE
- Stateful processing - aggregations, joins, windowing
- Exactly-once semantics - guaranteed message processing
- Time windowing - tumbling, hopping, session windows
- Stream-table joins - enriching streams with reference data
- Interactive queries - querying state stores in real-time
- Materialized views - maintaining aggregated views with updates
Reliability & Durability
- Replication - multi-replica data copies across brokers
- In-sync replicas (ISR) - ensuring data consistency
- Leader election - automatic failover on broker failure
- Acknowledgments - configurable acks for durability vs throughput
- Retention policies - time-based and size-based retention
- Log compaction - keeping only latest value per key
- Idempotent producers - preventing duplicate messages
- Transactional writes - atomic multi-partition writes
Enterprise Features & Deployment
- Security - SSL/TLS encryption, SASL authentication, ACLs
- Multi-tenancy - namespace isolation and quotas
- Monitoring - JMX metrics, Prometheus exporters, Grafana
- Schema Registry - Avro/JSON/Protobuf schema management
- MirrorMaker 2 - cross-cluster replication for DR
- Confluent Platform - enterprise distribution with features
- Cloud offerings - Confluent Cloud, AWS MSK, Azure Event Hubs
- Kubernetes - Strimzi operator for K8s deployment
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